Voter registration initiatives

There is strong evidence that voter registration initiatives increase voter registration and voting (Kim 2022, Yu 2019, BC-Morris 2019, CAP-Griffin 2017).

Automatic voter registration (AVR) appears to significantly increase voter registration (BC-Morris 2019) and voting (Kim 2022, CAP-Griffin 2017) in states with active policies. Oregon was the first state to implement an AVR law, in 2016 (CCEP-McGhee 2020). Oregon’s AVR law appears to increase voter registration among those who were otherwise unlikely to register, as well as increase voting (CAP-Griffin 2017). A version of AVR that automatically re-registers individuals, as opposed to individuals who are unregistered, significantly increases voter turnout, particularly among voters registered as Republican or non-partisan, with no effect among voters registered as Democrat (Kim 2022). Experts suggest that aligning data collection in U.S. states using AVR would improve analyses of its effects (Pew-Motor Voter 2014). In the current U.S. model, eligible voters can decline registration at point of enrollment (front-end) or submit an opt-out form after registration (back-end) (DFP-Fordham 2022, BC-Morris 2019). AVR models which are more automatic and universal have been proposed in the U.S.; in some states, AVR’s reach may be limited to specific agencies, like the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMVs) (BC-Morris 2019, BC-AVR 2016). However, compared to same-day registration or other initiatives focused on individuals already intending to vote, AVR reaches a larger pool of individuals, including those who may not have been planning to register or vote; experts suggest AVR’s effects on voting may emerge over the long-term (CCEP-McGhee 2020). AVR may increase political participation among those who choose to vote, following automatic registration (CAP-Griffin 2017).

Same-day registration eases registration requirements by allowing eligible voters the convenience of registering to vote the same day they cast a ballot (NCSL-SDR). Same-day registration increases registration and voting among individuals ages 18-24 and is a preferred registration method for this group (Grumbach 2022). Other studies suggest same-day and election-day registration increase voting among individuals who use these processes (Fullmer 2015a, Burden 2014, Brians 1999, Fenster 1994). More research is needed to understand the effects of same-day registration on registered voter demographics (Cole 2016).

Online voter registration allows eligible voters to submit registration forms electronically through a secure online portal (NCSL-Online voter registration, BC-AVR 2021). Online registration may increase voter turnout among young people (Garnett 2022), especially during presidential election years; young people may prefer online registration, which may in turn increase their political participation (Yu 2019). Electronic registration allows eligible voters to submit voter registration forms electronically when conducting business at a government office and is a key part of implementing AVR (BC-AVR 2021). Experts suggest that modernized voter registration systems, which feature online registration, electronic registration, or both, may speed up the registration process, be more accurate than paper systems, and increase registration rates (BC-Perez 2015).

Voter registration drives on college campuses can expand access to registration for individuals aged 18-24, a group that has historically had low voter turnout and often needs to re-register to vote due to address changes (Bennion 2016, Ulbig 2011). A study at a Texas college suggests that students who registered at an on-campus voter registration drive voted at higher rates than other individuals aged 18-24 (Ulbig 2011). In a multi-state study, brief presentations on voting registration by college professors or student volunteers, followed by an opportunity to register to vote, led to increases in student registrations and voting (Bennion 2016).

Expanding the number of registration sites to include locations that are regularly used by those eligible to vote, like health care settings and tax agencies, may increase voter registration (Liggett 2014, Sparacino 2022, Brookings-Williamson 2019). Mandatory registration sites at public institutions require agencies to serve as a registration site but do not require individuals to register to vote; currently, many sites are discretionary (Sparacino 2022). Experts suggest that increasing the number of mandatory registration sites at public institutions, such as public schools, could increase access for all 18-year-olds enrolled in these institutions (Sparacino 2022). Experts recommend expanding voter registration resources at health care organizations and social service agencies (Liggett 2014, Peeples 2020), as well as giving individuals the opportunity to register to vote during tax preparation or filing (Brookings-Williamson 2019). A program to register individuals to vote at income tax assistance centers, which primarily serve individuals with lower incomes and from minority groups, doubled registration rates among those previously unregistered (Brookings-Williamson 2019), which may support civic participation.

Most U.S. states which have adopted modernized voter registration reforms (i.e., online registration and electronic registration) and versions of AVR to reduce registration barriers, report administrative savings, increased accuracy in registration data, and modest start-up costs (BC-AVR 2021, BC-AVR 2016). Changing public schools to mandatory voting registration sites, instead of discretionary ones, may lower the economic costs for individuals registering to vote (Sparacino 2022). Integrating voter registration into tax filing has been proposed as a low cost approach because it would use existing infrastructure, have minimal training and implementation costs, and is administratively efficient (Brookings-Williamson 2019).

Available evidence indicates that people with better physical and mental health have greater civic participation, including voting, volunteering, and membership in community groups and organizations, such as recreational teams or community gardens (RAND-Nelson 2019, US DHHS-OASH-HP 2030 CP). Experts recommend encouraging civic participation from a young age to build a lifelong commitment to community engagement (US DHHS-OASH-HP 2030 CP). Poor physical and mental health can increase social isolation and may reduce civic participation. Individuals who experience negative health outcomes at a young age may be less likely to participate in civic engagement activities later in life. Additional research is needed to assess how individuals’ civic participation can support improvements to community infrastructure and policies that promote community health, which may in turn increase health equity (RAND-Nelson 2019). Evidence suggests that civic participation may be associated with improved self-reported health, well-being, and emotional health; increased physical activity; and a greater sense of community (US DHHS-OASH-HP 2030 CP).

Voter registration initiatives such as automatic voter registration (AVR) have the potential to decrease disparities in voting registration and voting experienced by those from communities that are often marginalized, particularly individuals of racial and ethnic minorities and individuals with lower incomes (CAP-Griffin 2017, Yagoda 2019). Other initiatives, such as online registration (Yu 2019) and voter registration drives (CCEP-McGhee 2020, Ulbig 2011, Bennion 2016) have the potential to decrease disparities in voter registration and voting, primarily between young adults and older individuals.

Asian, Black, and Latino individuals are disproportionally underrepresented among individuals registered to vote and appear more so in election contexts where racial or ethnic minorities have a deciding role. According to a multi-decade study, evidence suggests that systematic disparities in voter registration are among the institutional features contributing to underrepresentation (NBER-Ricca 2022). Other studies find that states with restrictive voter registration laws have disproportionately high voting turnout among those with higher incomes, indicating that state voter registration laws are a barrier to mobilizing individuals with lower incomes to vote. In states with proportionate turnout between voters with lower and higher incomes, states were less likely to pass legislation restricting eligibility for safety net programs (Avery 2005). Experts suggest that health and community-based organizations promote voter engagement among people of color, those earning lower incomes, and others in communities that may be marginalized, to increase such groups’ representation in government, and potentially create more equitable health policies which could decrease health disparities (Yagoda 2019).

Individuals registering through Oregon’s AVR process, which is located at state Department of Motor Vehicles (DMVs), appear to be younger, more likely to live in rural areas, to earn lower incomes, and to be from more ethnically diverse backgrounds, compared to people registered through traditional methods (CAP-Griffin 2017). Voting registration systems with greater efficiency and accuracy, such as AVR through tax filing (Brookings-Williamson 2019), online, or electronic registration (BC-Perez 2015) have the potential to reduce disparities in voter registration and voting access among eligible people identifying as minorities. A Wisconsin-based study found individuals identified as minorities and registered to vote were more than twice as likely to be removed from poll books due to their addresses being incorrectly flagged as out-of-date (Huber 2021), reflecting a need for improved accuracy and efficiency. Removing the requirement for voter registration also eliminates it as a barrier to voting and as an administrative burden. North Dakota is the only state without voter registration, which it abolished in 1951, though citizens eligible to vote still need a driver’s license, state-issued ID, or tribal ID (ND-VR 2021).

Systems that automatically register individuals to vote by as universal a method as possible, such as income tax filing, are inherently more inclusive. For this reason, proposals to increase voter registration and voting in the U.S. include components such as AVR; expanding the type and number of sites for mandatory voter registration; and even making voting legally compulsory, with fines or consequences for not voting (Sparacino 2022). Experts suggest AVR is an inclusive method of registering voters, especially those likely to experience barriers (e.g., individuals in hospitals, individuals eligible to vote but who are incarcerated, individuals with disabilities, individuals without stable housing, individuals with lower incomes) (FV-Robert 2009). Most European nations, and overall, more than half of countries worldwide have compulsory voting registration, meaning individuals are registered automatically with information the government already has or are required to register themselves. India, the largest democracy in the world, compiles voter rolls automatically through census data collection (Pew-Schumacher 2020). Experts propose that the U.S. could follow models from democratic countries where the government manages voter registration, as this contributes to higher registration rates (FV-Robert 2009). Canada and Australia both have national election authorities which use and manage a national voter registry, and many European countries have national administrative registries (where residents have national IDs and use a personal ID number for a variety of purposes) and use this system for voting eligibility and registration (FV-Robert 2009).

The ability to register online may increase voter turnout during presidential election years, primarily among young people (Yu 2019). An analysis of AVR’s effects on registration suggests that AVR moderately increases overall registration among young people ages 18-24, as in Colorado, Illinois, and Connecticut (CCEP-McGhee 2020). A college campus-based study of the 2008 presidential election finds that partisan and non-partisan student-led voter registration drives appear to increase voting among those who register at the drive. Experts suggest that bipartisan or multi-partisan drives may better mobilize younger individuals to vote, compared with nonpartisan drives. Experts also note that campus-based registration drives attract students who may already be politically engaged, and that more research is needed regarding students who are not (Ulbig 2011).

The U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1788 and granted states the primary responsibility to regulate elections (US Const. I-IV). In addition to voting rights for white, land-owning males, a handful of states initially allowed some (or free) Black male Americans to vote, while other states shifted to exclude them between 1792-1838 (Seven 2018, Smith 1998). Eventually, Congress and states amended the Constitution to expand federal voting eligibility to other U.S. citizens. Constitutional amendments were the result of organized, citizen-led movements that developed significant public support over time to expand voting rights to specific groups. In 1870, several years after the end of the Civil War (1861-65), the 15th Amendment to the Constitution granted Black men the right to vote (US Const. XIV), while women did not receive the right to vote until the 19th Amendment was ratified in 1920 (US Const. XIX). Native Americans were not eligible to vote until Congress formally recognized them as U.S. citizens with the Snyder Act of 1924, 54 years after the 15th Amendment granted voting rights to U.S. male citizens (LOC-NA). People with disabilities and mental illness have been legally prevented from voting, along with those under guardianship, conservatorship, or with felony convictions who often also suffered from mental illness (Syed 2022). In the 20th century, a few laws were passed to increase accessibility for voters with disabilities, including the Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and the Help America Vote Act of 2002 (Tokaji 2007). In 1992, the 26th Amendment expanded voter eligibility to U.S. citizens 18-years-old or older (US Const. XXVI).

Yet, even as voter eligibility was extended to more U.S. citizens, many states implemented exclusionary laws and practices that created structural barriers to prevent certain groups of people from voting (Seven 2018). In 1800, Massachusetts established the first state-run voter registration system, a practice that made it more difficult to register and to vote, especially for Americans who were Black, had low incomes, or were recent immigrants (Seven 2018). During the Jim Crow-era, literacy tests, poll taxes, and intimidation factors were used to suppress the Black vote (LOC-AA), resulting in only 3% of Black Americans registering to vote (ACLU-VRA). Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which charged the federal government with ensuring that all citizens have the right to vote, regardless of race (LOC-AA). However, in 2013 the U.S. Supreme Court overturned a key component of the Voting Rights Act, which made it possible for states to pass laws to make voting more challenging. As recently as 2020, states implemented voter ID laws, tightened restrictions on vote-by-mail, and purged voter rolls, all of which can have a discriminatory effect on voters (BC-Wilder 2021).

The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA), commonly known as the “Motor Voter” law, streamlined the voter registration process so applications submitted for driver’s licenses and certain public assistance applications could automatically be used for voter registration (Larocca 2011, NCSL-AVR). However, after the 2000 presidential election, Congress passed the Help America Vote Act of 2002 which established the U.S. Election Assistance Commission and mandated voter ID for new voters, with some states requiring identification for all voters (Larocca 2011). Voter ID was intended to prevent voter fraud, yet it often creates an additional barrier to voting for those lacking access to the appropriate documentation (Larocca 2011, BC-Wilder 2021). One study suggests that 3 to 4 million eligible Americans were unable to vote in the 2012 presidential election due to missed registration deadlines (CCEP-McGhee 2020).

Voter turnout in the U.S. trails that of other high-income countries. This is attributed in part to the considerable variation in voting policies, based on where a voter lives (Pew-DeSilver 2022).

• Who is eligible to vote in your community, but not registered? What barriers do individuals in your community face when registering to vote? Which initiatives (e.g., automatic voter registration (AVR), online registration, same-day registration) would be most effective at reducing those barriers?
• How can local election officials share information with voters to educate them about the available registration options? How can you direct voters to registration sites that are part of their everyday routines?
• Which groups or individuals in your community are in a position to implement voter registration initiatives? How can you support efforts to improve voter registration opportunities in your community?
• Who opposes and supports voter registration initiatives in your community? Why?

The U.S. census tracks voter demographic characteristics and offers maps and other visualizations of voting and registration in the U.S. (US Census-Voting). The National Association of Secretaries of State compiles resources in English and Spanish to help individuals understand their voting eligibility, registration status, how to register, where to vote, and more (NASS-Vote).

As of March 2025, versions of automatic voter registration (AVR) laws have been implemented in 25 states and Washington, D.C. States with more robust ARV systems offer a back-end opt-out, so eligible individuals are registered by default but can easily decline, as in Alaska, Colorado, Delaware, Massachusetts, Oregon, New Mexico, and Nevada. Some states have also expanded the types of registering agencies beyond Departments of Motor Vehicles (DMVs) to include other state agencies, as well as health benefit exchanges, mobility certification offices, and tribal agencies. Alaska registers individuals through interactions with its Permanent Dividend Fund. AVR can also ease states’ voter registration list maintenance as it automatically updates existing registrant information with a current address (NCSL-AVR). Multiple proposals have been made in the U.S. to implement national versions of AVR. U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar (D-Minnesota) led proposals in 2017 and 2022 for the Register America to Vote Act, based on AVR’s increasing adoption in the U.S. The Register America to Vote Act would require states to automatically register eligible individuals to vote when they turn 18, require states’ DMVs to automatically register individuals, and provide $3 billion USD in grants for states to implement the proposal (Klobuchar 2022, S 4335).

Some health care organizations are partnering with non-profits, like Vot-ER, to connect patients with voter registration resources (Vot-ER). Med Out the Vote, an initiative of the American Medical Student Association (AMSA), partners with health institutions to promote voting resources for everyone in their system including students, staff, and patients (Med Out the Vote). Massachusetts General Hospital has implemented iPad-based kiosks for patients, visitors, and staff to check their voter registration status and register to vote (Delaney 2020).

Eligible voters can access information regarding voter registration and upcoming elections through many resources, including the U.S. Election Assistance Commission, Vote.org, and Vote.gov (U.S. Election Assistance Commission, Vote.org, Vote.gov).

‡ Resources with a focus on equity.

BC-AVR 2015^‡ - Brennan Center for Justice (BC), New York University School of Law. Automatic and permanent voter registration: How it works. 2015.

BC-AVR 2021 - Brennan Center for Justice (BC), New York University School of Law. Automatic voter registration and modernization in the States. 2021.

Brookings-Williamson 2022 - Williamson V. Using individual income tax data in automatic voter registration systems: A state-by-state analysis. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution; 2022.

CID-Voting Location Siting Tool - Center for Inclusive Democracy (CID). Voting location and outreach tool. University of Southern California (USC).

Martin 2021a - Martin A, Raja A, Meese H. Health care-based voter registration: A new kind of healing. International Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2021;14(26):1-3.

NASS-Vote - National Association of Secretaries of State (NASS). Can I vote. Washington, D.C.

Rock the Vote-Tech - Rock the Vote. Tech for civic engagement: Online voter registration tool.

U.S. Election Assistance Commission - United States Election Assistance Commission. Register and vote in your state. Accessed March 31, 2026.

Vot-ER - Vot-ER. Vot-ER is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization working to integrate civic engagement into healthcare.

Vote.gov - Vote.gov. (n.d.). Register to vote or update your registration. Accessed March 31, 2026.

Vote.org - Vote.org. Everything you need to vote: Simplify political engagement, increase voter turnout, and strengthen American democracy.

* Journal subscription may be required for access.

ACLU-VRA - American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Voting Rights Act: Major dates in history.

AP-Venhuizen 2023 - Venhuizen H. Evers’ budget pushes automatic registration, voting changes. The Associated Press (AP). 2023.

Avery 2005* - Avery JM, Peffley M. Voter registration requirements, voter turnout, and welfare eligibility policy: Class bias matters. State Politics & Policy Quarterly. 2005;5(1):47-67.

BC-AVR 2016 - Brennan Center for Justice (BC), New York University School of Law. The case for automatic voter registration. 2016.

BC-AVR 2021 - Brennan Center for Justice (BC), New York University School of Law. Automatic voter registration and modernization in the States. 2021.

BC-Morris 2019 - Morris K, Dunphy P. AVR impact on state voter registration. Brennan Center for Justice (BC), New York University School of Law; 2019.

BC-Perez 2015 - Pérez M, Zhou L, Maluk H. Voter registration in a digital age: 2015 update. Brennan Center for Justice (BC), New York University School of Law; 2015.

BC-Wilder 2021 - Wilder W. Voter suppression in 2020. Brennan Center for Justice (BC), New York University School of Law; 2021.

Bennion 2016 - Bennion EA, Nickerson DW. I will register and vote, if you teach me how: A field experiment testing voter registration in college classrooms. PS: Political Science and Politics. 2016;49(4):867-871.

Brians 1999* - Brians CL, Grofman B. When registration barriers fall, who votes?: An empirical test of a rational choice model. Public Choice. 1999;99:161-176.

Brookings-Williamson 2019 - Williamson V. The filer voter experiment: How effective is voter registration at tax time? Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution; 2019.

Burden 2014* - Burden B, Canon D, Mayer K, Moynihan D. Election laws, mobilization, and turnout: The unanticipated consequences of election reform. American Journal of Political Science. 2014;58(1):95-109.

CAP-Griffin 2017 - Griffin R, Gronke P, Wang T, Kennedy L. Who votes with automatic voter registration? Impact analysis of Oregon’s first-in-the-nation program. Washington, D.C.: Center for American Progress; 2017.

CCEP-McGhee 2020* - McGhee E, Romero M. Effects of automatic voter registration in the United States. Sacramento: California Civic Engagement Project at University of Southern California Sol Price School of Public Policy; 2020.

Cole 2016* - Cole JB. Does same day registration lead to repeat customers at the ballot box? Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 2016;15(4):271-284.

Delaney 2020 - Delaney CM. Voter registration is part of physician’s mission. Boston: Massachusetts General Hospital; 2020.

DFP-Fordham 2022 - Fordham RFF. Automatic voter registration report. Data for Progress (DFP); 2022.

Fenster 1994* - Fenster MJ. The impact of allowing day of registration voting on turnout in U.S. elections from 1960 to 1992: A research note. American Politics Quarterly. 1994;22(1):74-87.

Fullmer 2015a - Fullmer EB. Early voting: Do more sites lead to higher turnout? Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 2015;14(2):81-96.

FV-Robert 2009 - Robert E. Universal voter registration: An international perspective. Silver Spring, MD: FairVote; 2009.

Garnett 2022* - Garnett HA. Registration innovation: The impact of online registration and automatic voter registration in the United States. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 2022;21(1):34-45.

Grumbach 2022* - Grumbach JM, Hill C. Rock the registration: Same day registration increases turnout of young voters. Journal of Politics. 2022;84(1):405-417.

Huber 2021 - Huber GA, Meredith M, Morse M, Steele K. The racial burden of voter list maintenance errors: Evidence from Wisconsin’s supplemental movers poll books. Science Advances. 2021;7(8):eabe4498.

Kim 2022* - Kim SS. Automatic voter reregistration as a housewarming gift: Quantifying causal effects on turnout using movers. American Political Science Review. 2022:1-8.

Klobuchar 2022 - United States Senator Amy Klobuchar (MN). Press Release: Klobuchar, colleagues introduce legislation to make registering to vote easier for all Americans. June 8, 2022.

Larocca 2011* - Larocca R, Klemanski JS. U.S. state election reform and turnout in presidential elections. State Politics & Policy Quarterly. 2011;11(1):76-101.

Liggett 2014 - Liggett A, Sharma M, Nakamura Y, Villar R, Selwyn P. Results of a voter registration project at 2 family medicine residency clinics in the Bronx, New York. Annals of Family Medicine. 2014;12(5):466-469.

LOC-AA - Library of Congress. Classroom materials at the Library of Congress: Voting rights for African Americans.

LOC-NA - Library of Congress. Classroom materials at the Library of Congress: Voting rights for Native Americans.

Med Out the Vote - Med Out the Vote, an initiative of the American Medical Student Association (AMSA).

MyVote WI - MyVote Wisconsin. State of Wisconsin Elections Commission.

NASS-Vote - National Association of Secretaries of State (NASS). Can I vote. Washington, D.C.

NBER-Ricca 2022 - Ricca F, Trebbi F. Minority underrepresentation in U.S. cities. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). 2022: Working Paper 29738.

NCSL-AVR - National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). Automatic voter registration. 2023.

NCSL-Online voter registration - National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). Online voter registration. 2023.

NCSL-SDR - National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). Same-day voter registration (SDR). 2023.

ND-VR 2021 - North Dakota (ND) Secretary of State. North Dakota...the only state without voter registration. 2021.

Peeples 2020* - Peeples L. U.S. doctors and hospitals offer a new treatment: Voter registration. BMJ. 2020;371:m3895.

Pew-DeSilver 2022 - DeSilver D. Turnout in U.S. has soared in recent elections but by some measures still trails that of many other countries. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center; 2022.

Pew-Motor Voter 2014 - The Pew Charitable Trusts (Pew). Measuring Motor Voter. 2014.

Pew-Schumacher 2020 - The Pew Charitable Trusts (Pew). From voter registration to mail in ballots, how do countries around the world run their elections? 2020.

RAND-Nelson 2019 - Nelson C, Sloan J, Chandra A. Examining civic engagement links to health: Findings from the literature and implications for culture of health. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation; 2019.

S 4335 - 117th Congress 2021-2022. Senate (S) 4335: Register America to Vote Act of 2022.

Seven 2018 - Seven J. The exclusionary history of voter registration dates to 1800. History. 2018.

Smith 1998* - Smith EL. The end of Black voting rights in Pennsylvania: African Americans and the Pennsylvania constitutional convention of 1837-1838. Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 1998;65(3):279-299.

Sparacino 2022* - Sparacino D. Voter registration, turnout, and habitual voting theory: The case for schools as mandatory registration locations. Washington University Journal of Law & Policy. 2022;68(1):273-302.

Syed 2022* - Syed I, Bishop M, Brannon S, Hudson E, Lee K. Designing accessible elections: Recommendations from disability voting rights advocates. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 2022;21(1):60-83.

Tokaji 2007* - Tokaji DP, Colker R. Absentee voting by people with disabilities: Promoting access and integrity. McGeorge Law Review. 2007;38(4):1015-1064.

U.S. Election Assistance Commission - United States Election Assistance Commission. Register and vote in your state. Accessed March 31, 2026.

Ulbig 2011* - Ulbig SG, Waggener T. Getting registered and getting to the polls: The impact of voter registration strategy and information provision on turnout of college students. PS: Political Science and Politics. 2011;44(3):544-551.

US Census-Voting - U.S. Census Bureau. Public Sector: Voting and registration. 2022.

US Const. I-IV - U.S. Const. art. I, § IV.

US Const. XIV - U.S. Const. amend. VIV.

US Const. XIX - U.S. Const. amend. XIX.

US Const. XXVI - U.S. Const. amend. XXVI.

US DHHS-OASH-HP 2030 CP - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U.S. DHHS), Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (OASH). Healthy People 2030. Civic participation.

Vot-ER - Vot-ER. Vot-ER is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization working to integrate civic engagement into healthcare.

Vote.gov - Vote.gov. (n.d.). Register to vote or update your registration. Accessed March 31, 2026.

Vote.org - Vote.org. Everything you need to vote: Simplify political engagement, increase voter turnout, and strengthen American democracy.

WI Conservation Voters 2021 - Wisconsin Conservation Voters. Wis. Voting Rights Coalition applauds automatic voter registration in Gov. Evers’ budget proposal. 2021.

Yagoda 2019 - Yagoda N. Addressing health disparities through voter engagement. Annals of Family Medicine. 2019;17(5):459-461.

Yu 2019* - Yu J. Does state online voter registration increase voter turnout? Social Science Quarterly. 2019;100(3):620-634.